Paragraph I
(3) a. Next, add anti freeze to your windshield washer fluid; otherwise, the fluid will freeze and possibly break the container.
(1) b. First, put on snow tires if you plan to dtive on snowy, icy roads very often.
(TS) c. Driving in winter, especially on snowy, icy roads, can be less trouble some if you take a few simple precautions*.
(4) d. Finally, it is also a good idea to carry tire chains, a can of spray to unfreeze door locks and a windshield scraper in your car when driving in winter weather.
(2) e. Second, check the amount of antifreeze in your radiator and add more if necessary.
Paragraph 2
(3) a. Furthermore, researchers are continuing to work on the development of an efficient, electrically powered automobile.
(TS) b. Researchers in the automobile industry are experimenting with different types of engines and fuels as alternative to the conventional gasoline engines.
(1) c. One new type of engine, which burns diesel oil instead of gasoline, has been available for several years.
(4) d. Finally, several automobile manufactures are experimenting with methanol, which is a mixture of gasoline and methyl alcohol, as an automobile fuel.
(2) e. A second type is the gas turbine engine, which can use fuels made from gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene, other petroleum distillates*, or methanol.
Paragraph 3
(3) a. Later on, people began to write on pieces of leather, which were rolled into scrolls.
(1) b. In the earliest times, people carved or painted messages on rocks.
(2) c. In the middle Ages, heavy paper called parchment was used for writing; books were laboratoriously copied by hand.
(4) d. With the invention of the printing press in the middle of the fifteenth century, the modern printing industry was born.
(TS) e. Some form of written communication has been used throughout the centuries.
Paragraph 4
(3) a. If there had been a big storm on the day of a baby’s birth, the baby might have been named thunder cloud.
(TS) b. American Indian names are very descriptive, for Indian were usually named for physical attribute, for an occurrence in nature, or for animal.
(1) c. Grey Eagle, red dog, Big bear, and spotted wolf are example of Indians named after animals.
(2) d. Indians with distinctive physical characteristics might be given such names as big foot or crooked leg.
Paragraph 5
(2) a. For one thing, Individual I.Q. scores vary considerably.
(1) b. Many experts also question whether I.Q. scores are related to intelligence.
(3) c. Furthermore, most psychologists agree that intelligence test are biased* in favor of middle-class children.
(TS) d. The validity* of standardized intelligence test is being seriously questioned by educators and physiologists.
(4) e. In fact, motivation seems to be just as important as intelligence in determining a person’s ability to learn.
Mexico City is growing quickly. In 1970, the city had about 9 million people. Now it has over 17 million. All of these people are causing problems for the city. There are not enough jobs. Also, there is not enough housing. Large families have to live together in small homes. Many homes do not have water. They also do not have bathrooms or electricity. The Mexican government is worried about all these problems. It is working hard to make life better in the city.
a. Mexican government ………………………..
b. Large cities ………………………………….
c. Mexico City’s problems ( topic sentense)
Page 69
1. Are
2. Was
3. Is
4. Has; Needs
5. Is
6. Have
7. Were
8. Was; Has
9. Plays; Vibrate
10. Does; Is
11. Has
12. Makes; Writes
Page 74
Exercise 4
1. a. Parks in California ( Too General )
b. Redwood trees in California ( Topic Sentence )
c. The age of redwood ( Too Specific )
2. a. The land in Scotland ( Too General )
b. How trees hold earth in place ( Too Specific )
c. Forests in Scotland ( Topic Sentence )
3. a. The importance of forests ( Topic Sentence )
b. Taking vacations in forests ( Too Specific )
c. Large forest ( Too General )
Page 75
Exercise 5
1. The topic of this paragraph is Lightning
2. The topic of this paragraph is Cloud.
Three kinds of clouds is too general.
Cirrus clouds is too specific
Page 76
Exercise 6
1. Topic : Where drinking water comes from
2. Topic : Water problems
3. Topic : How to use water carefully
Page 77
Exercise 7
1. Topic : Galileo’s interest in science
2. Topic : Galileo’s first experiment about gravitation
3. Topic : The disagree of Galileo’s scientific ideas
Page 78
Exercise 8
1. Topic : : How to make a tea.
2. Topic : The dissemination of coffee.
3. Topic : Orange juice is one of the most popular cold drinks.
Page 80
Exercise 9
1. B. Clothes can tell a lot about a person.
2. B. Clothes have to be chosen carefully when you travel.
3. C. Clothes todaay are different from the clothes of the 1800s.
Page 81
Exercise 10
1. B. Chemistry lived before the 1700s.
2. A. Robert Boyle helped build the science of alchemy.
3. B. Antoine Lavoisier studied the size and weight of water.
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